Building Community Resilience to Mitigate Floods

Professor Amal Esawi ’89, ’90, the first Egyptian woman mechanical engineer to be chartered in the United Kingdom and the first scientist in Egypt to specialize in nanotubes, is making waves in the field of nanocomposites, leading a project that utilizes the power of AI to enhance water desalination membranes. “We’re finding sustainable solutions to water scarcity through the use of novel, nano-enhanced membranes,” said Esawi, who is principal investigator of this project, which is managed by AUC's Center of Excellence for Water, funded by the United States Agency for International Development and implemented in collaboration with Ain Shams University. “AI tools, such as Artificial Neural Networks, can help us in optimizing the membrane itself and building models that predict how it will perform when operating for a long period under different conditions. Our ultimate goal is to improve and strengthen the membrane’s structure and performance, leading to a more efficient desalination process." These nano-enhanced membranes use materials like carbon nanotubes that help increase structural integrity and filtration efficiency. They also offer better performance by aiding in capturing finer particles and enabling effective purification during the water desalination process.Nanomaterials, particularly nanocarbons, first caught Esawi’s attention for their robustness and lightness. "My initial focus in nanotechnology was centered on utilizing carbon nanotubes to engineer lighter and stronger materials,” she explained. “Upon discovering their potential in desalination membranes, I pivoted my research toward enhancing filtration applications.”Egypt is currently investing in desalination plants to address water scarcity in the region. Esawi asserts the need to not just innovate membranes but also localize their production to potentially reduce costs. “Because membranes are the most critical component in the desalination plant, they are imported from the United States or Japan. Building the local know-how of membrane manufacturing will be very useful and valuable for Egypt,” she said.The two-year project is still in its early stages, but Esawi is optimistic about its potential impact on desalination technology. “This project could lay the foundations for the local production of advanced nano-enhanced membranes, benefiting not only Egypt but also other regions facing water scarcity,” she said.Esawi presented the project, “Using AI Tools to Optimize the Development of Novel Nano-enhanced Membranes for Water Desalination,” at the Second International Symposium on Water Research, organized by AUC’s Center of Excellence for Water in collaboration with Ain Shams University in late 2023. Mohammed El Morsi, mechanical engineering professor, and Adham Ramadan ’90, chemistry professor, dean of graduate studies and associate provost for research innovation and creativity, are co-principal investigators of the project with Esawi. El Morsi emphasized the power of membrane technology. “It has emerged as a more energy-efficient and cost-effective alternative to thermal desalination techniques,” he said. “By utilizing AI tools to optimize the process, we are hoping to further reduce energy consumption.”Besides her innovative research in water desalination, Esawi was recognized as one of the top 2% impactful scientists globally, named in the Stanford-Elsevier's Scopus database as one of the most cited scientists. Hoping to inspire her students and other women engineers in Egypt, she expressed pride in witnessing an AUC graduate, Sarah Hussein ’07, become the second female Egyptian mechanical engineer to be chartered in the United Kingdom. “I am humbled to pave the way for aspiring engineers in Egypt, especially women,” she said.

A new study correlating rising temperatures with women’s cancer in the Middle East recently attracted global media attention, seizing headlines in outlets like The Washington Post, Daily Mail, Fortune and more. Behind the research are authors Wafa Abu El Kheir-Mataria (MPA ’18, PhD ’23), a senior research fellow at AUC’s Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (IGHHE), and Professor Sungsoo Chun, who conducted the observational study at IGHEE.“This research rang an alarm that we need to be aware of in health policies,” said Mataria. She initially proposed the topic due to her concern over gender disparity in healthcare and the broader vulnerability of the region with climate change. Her alarm rang loud and clear, with the paper scoring in the top 5% of all research outputs and the top 1% for high attention as compared with papers of the same age, according to Altmetric (a platform that measures and ranks the engagement that research articles receive beyond traditional citation counts).The study analyzed data from 17 countries over a 20-year period, checking for correlations between temperature increases and mortality rates from four types of female cancers: breast, uterine, ovarian and cervical. “This research rang an alarm that we need to be aware of in health policies.”While the overall correlation was the first result, a country-by-country breakdown provided secondary results. “Is this valid for each and every country or not?” Mataria inquired. The correlation was ultimately found to be statistically significant for six countries, with the most striking results in Gulf states. It was also particularly strong for breast and cervical cancers. Mataria unpacked some likely causes based on the literature: “Heat increases exposure to pollutants and disrupts healthcare systems, delaying diagnosis and treatment. It may also alter cell structure. Women are more vulnerable due to limited access and cultural taboos around breast and cervical cancer,” she said. Chun added that the best thing countries can do now is abide by multilateral climate-targeted policies, such as the Paris Agreement (an international climate treaty signed in 2016 that seeks to curb global warming). “The Paris Agreement is one of the clearest guidelines on how to stop rising temperatures. Implementing its exact recommendations for each country is essential to stopping climate change,” he said, though he noted that many nations are failing to meet the treaty’s criteria.“Although we promised only one paper, many journalists are concerned about the severity of the findings. That means that this is a really urgent, in-demand topic to solve globally.”Beyond women, Chun emphasized that vulnerable populations will suffer disproportionately if global conditions don’t change. “Post-colonial populations, older people, children and, of course, women have unique weaknesses in certain periods, such as during childbirth. So we should make clear programs or policies to support these vulnerable populations, especially through a strengthened healthcare system,” Chun said.This research is not just relevant to those facing health problems or working in the health sector; it can be used to inform health policy, address gender gaps and understand the impacts of climate change. “This concerns not only people in the health sector, but also in policy, sustainability and other areas. Health is relevant to all fields, and it’s good to work together,” said Mataria.Mataria views researchers at institutions like AUC as indispensable to the field. “We open people’s eyes on certain topics. Research and evidence draw attention,” she said, “Numbers talk.”   Mataria and Chun are also hoping to receive more grants to continue the novel research. “Although we promised only one paper, many journalists are concerned about the severity of the findings. That means that this is a really urgent, in-demand topic to solve globally,” said Chun. “There’s not much on it yet,” added Mataria.Even as the pair’s findings are making waves in the media, they were quick to point out that more research will be needed to understand the results. “This research is preliminary, but it’s a good start,” added Mataria. “There are so many contributing factors to the instance of cancers. We need to make another experimental design controlling not only for the setting but also for community levels,” said Chun.The trailblazing article is now paving the way for international research focused on the intersection of climate change and women’s health. Mataria said, “It’s really just one point in a sea of research. There is a lot to do.”

Earlier this month, 14 AUCians joined young changemakers from the MENA region at the first-ever Regional American Field Service (AFS) Youth Assembly in Cairo to tackle urgent issues like climate change, education and food security.Inspired by the United Nations Summit of the Future, the regional assembly met for one day to discuss the needs and interests of future generations while calling for meaningful participation of youth in forums for progress. Junior Jannah Hella, who attended on behalf of AUC and is a representative of the student-led organization Heya: The Women’s Initiative, said, “Having these discussions in Cairo, surrounded by passionate peers, made the issues feel even more urgent and relevant to our region.”The theme was “Leading with Purpose: Empowering Generations to Create the World We Want,” bringing together youth and older generations to dissect topics of global importance. It consisted of four panels focused on climate change, the future of learning, foot security in MENA and Africa, and innovation for the future. “These themes couldn’t be more relevant,” said Hella. “The MENA and Africa are already facing the consequences of climate change, from water scarcity to disrupted agriculture, making the discussion extremely urgent. We need solutions designed by those who understand the region’s context and challenges, and that’s why youth must be involved.”Sophomore Nathaly Thoma of the AUC Folklore Troupe also represented the University at the regional assembly. “I think the overall theme and panel topics are quite significant for our region,” she said. “I especially appreciated how the discussions emphasized the importance of empathy and inclusivity, even in areas like innovation, which are often seen as purely technical.”"We need solutions designed by those who understand the region’s context and challenges, and that’s why youth must be involved.”The conference sought to create a space where young voices can be heard and youth can engage with experienced leaders. “Being in a space where my ideas were taken seriously was incredibly empowering; it made me feel seen, heard and motivated to advocate for change in my own community,” Hella said. “I hope that this assembly inspires more youth to step out of their comfort zones in order to learn new things about themselves as well as the world they live in. “Investing in youth is the best way of investment for our future,” Thoma added.Ultimately, this network sought to serve as a catalyst for action, enabling participants to create lasting change through mentorship opportunities for growth and sociocultural exchange. “My main takeaway is the fact that peace can be achieved through cross-cultural programs … [The Regional AFS Youth Assembly] revealed a fresh and powerful perspective on how peace can be fostered at the grassroots level,” said Thoma.Hella has big hopes for the assembly’s future, from continued youth involvement to real community-based change: “I would love to see the ideas we shared turned into action. I believe in the AFS mission because it goes beyond empowering individuals; it builds a global community that lasts for generations.” Photo caption: Jannah Hella and Nathaly Thoma attend the Regional AFS Youth Assembly alongside 12 other AUCians.

As major climate issues continue to affect people across Egypt’s diverse regions, Jillian Campana, theater professor and associate dean for undergraduate studies and research, developed a set of plays that reflect these environmental realities. The plays will be performed across AUC’s garden on February 12, 13, 16 and 17, with free entry each night. Da Zanbokom (It Is Our Fault) consists of five short plays, each set in a different location in Egypt and dealing with a distinct environmental issue affecting the country. Topics range from water scarcity in Aswan and flooding in Alexandria to pollution in the Red Sea and gentrification in Port Said. Meanwhile, the plays probe the audience to reflect on their role in climate change. “There are small things we can all do every day to help, but most of us don’t take any action because we mistakenly think only major innovations will make a difference,” said Campana.Campana was inspired to pursue this project because she believes her role as an artist gives her a unique ability to humanize data in a way that regular people can relate to. “While scientists provide crucial data and technological innovations, solving this global challenge requires collaboration across disciplines. Artists, humanists, policymakers, educators, community leaders and activists all play vital roles. Artists, in particular, are able to humanize the data in a way that connects to everyday people,” she said.“We hope that by watching the performances, audiences will consider their own behaviors and practices and reflect upon ways they can help educate those around them to engage in more sustainable behaviors.”Over the summer, Campana worked with experts to identify major climate issues that affect people in different regions across Egypt. She then commissioned 10 new plays, five of which will be performed at AUC in the upcoming shows, exploring how these environmental issues impact daily life. The playwrights, including Campana, collaborated with AUC faculty members Anwar ElNaser, Fayrouz Ashour, Ramy Aly and Rania Siam to understand the depth and specificity of these issues and how they impact daily life. The play is site-specific, meaning that the locations of the plays mirror the settings of the stories. Audiences will gather in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences plaza between 6:30 and 7:00 pm on the nights of the shows. They will be assigned, in small groups, to a specific guide who will walk them to each location and provide details about the stories along the way. “We hope that by watching the performances, audiences will consider their own behaviors and practices and reflect upon ways they can help educate those around them to engage in more sustainable behaviors,” Campana said. “For the 43 students, many faculty and alumni involved in Da Zambokom it certainly has made an impact already!” The five plays are:Just When You Thought It Was Safe to Go Back in the Winter (English)Snowball in Heaven (English)Very Environmental (Arabic)The Nile in Cairo Is Green (Arabic)The Graduation (Arabic and English)